Languages of भारत (Bhārat or India)
Name | Location of majorities1 |
Kashmiri | Jammu and Kashmīr |
Hindi-Urdu-Eastern Panjabi2 | Punjab, Himāchal Pradesh, Haryāna, Chandīgarh, Dillī, Uttar Pradesh,3 Madhya Pradesh |
Rajasthani group | Rājasthān4 |
Bihari group | Bihār5 |
Bengali | West Bengal6 |
Tibeto-Burman group | Arunāchal Pradesh7 |
Marathi | महाराश्त्र8 (Mahārāshtra) |
Chhattisgarhi9 | Chhattisgarh |
Oriya | Orissa |
Kannada | Karnātaka10 |
Telegu | Andhra Pradesh11 |
Tamil | Tamil Nādu12 |
Footnotes
1. Andaman and Nicobar are grouped statistically with Sumatera (Sumatra), Indonesia, which determines linguistic generalizations.
2. I separate the Bihari and Rajasthani languages and Chhhatisgarhi from Hindi. I group Urdu and Eastern Panjabi with it. This does not accord with the Indian government's classifications, nor with that of others. The dialect continuum, the relative literary traditions, scripts used and religious associations influence choices.
3. Uttarakhand was grouped statistically with Uttar Pradesh.
4. Damān and Diu, and Dādra and Nagar Haveli were grouped statistically with Rājasthān. Some consider the Rajasthani group part of Hindi.
5. Jharkand was grouped statistically with Bihār. Some consider the Bihari group part of Hindi.
6. Assam, Meghālaya, Nāgāland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Sikkim were grouped statistically with West Bengal.
7. Arunāchal Pradesh was grouped with part of Xizang (Tibet), and the linguistic generalization derives from that unit.
8. Ideally the final consonant cluster and vowel are rendered by a single ligature for the three akṣaras.
9. Some consider the language part of Hindi.
10. Goa was grouped statistically with Karnātaka.
11. The Yanam enclave of Puducherry was grouped statistically with Andhra Pradesh.
12. Kerala, Puducherry (excluding the Yanam enclave) and Lakshadweep are grouped statistically with Tamil Nādu.