The only East Asian cities that topped one hundred thousand in 1500 or 1600 that are not mapped are Xi'an (in Shaanxi, which I group with Ningxia) and Chengdu (in Sichuan). (Both areas are mapped for other periods--just not this one.) Xi'an began and ended the 16th century in the 100-199 thousand range. Chengdu began the century in the 60-99 thousand range and ended it in the 100-199 thousand range.